Young adult with tailbone discomfort sitting carefully

Pilonidal Sinus — Symptoms & Causes

Understanding the signs of a pilonidal sinus is the first step toward finding relief. Learn about the common symptoms, what causes this condition, and when it’s crucial to seek medical advice.

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What is a Pilonidal Sinus?

A small tunnel or cavity under the skin near the tailbone, often containing hair and debris. It may start as an abscess and later form a sinus with recurrent discharge.

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Location of pilonidal sinus in the natal cleft

Common Signs & Symptoms

Look out for these common pilonidal sinus symptoms.

Pain at the tailbone

Swelling or a lump

Discharge (pus/blood)

Fever

Pain with prolonged sitting

Who’s at Higher Risk?

  • Young adults (late teens to 30s)
  • Prolonged sitting/driving
  • Hairy or deep natal cleft
  • Family history
  • Poor hygiene/obesity
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Long sitting as a risk factor
Hair driven into skin by friction/pressure creating a sinus

The Root Cause (in Most Cases)

Most cases arise when hair gets pushed into the skin of the natal cleft by friction and pressure, forming a sinus tract which can become infected.

How It Can Progress

A pilonidal sinus can be asymptomatic, but it can also progress through distinct stages.

Acute Abscess → Draining Sinus → Complex Tracts

An acute pilonidal abscess is a sudden, painful infection. If ignored, this can lead to a chronic draining sinus. Over time, this can form complex multiple tracts that are harder to treat.

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Abscess to sinus to complex disease timeline

Don't Wait If You Have...

Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications.

  • Severe or increasing pain
  • Swelling that is red, warm, and tender
  • Fever or feeling generally unwell
  • Pus or blood draining from the area

Tailbone Pain Isn’t Always Pilonidal

While pilonidal sinus is a common cause of pain near the tailbone, other conditions like perianal abscesses, hidradenitis suppurativa, or simple skin boils can present with similar symptoms. A correct diagnosis by an experienced doctor is key to getting the right treatment.

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Recurrent Infections & Complications If Ignored

If left untreated, a pilonidal sinus can lead to recurrent, painful abscesses. Over time, chronic inflammation can cause the sinus to branch out, creating multiple tracts that are more difficult to treat. In very rare, long-standing cases, there is a small risk of developing a type of skin cancer within the sinus.

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Potential Risks
Recurrent infection and multiple tracts risk

Recurrent infections and development of multiple sinus tracts.

Self-Care Tips While You Wait

While waiting for your appointment, these tips can help manage discomfort.

  • Keep the area clean and dry.
  • Avoid prolonged sitting or direct pressure on the tailbone.
  • Use a coccyx cushion or donut pillow for comfort.
  • Wear loose-fitting clothing to reduce friction.
Pilonidal self-care checklist
Prevention habits to reduce recurrence

Lowering Recurrence Risk

  • Maintain hygiene and keep the area clean
  • Regular hair removal as advised
  • Take sitting breaks and avoid prolonged pressure
  • Follow aftercare instructions after treatment
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Quick Questions